Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

In vitro Evaluation of Thrombolytic Activity and Flavonoid Profiling of Borassus flabellifer L. Using Streptokinase as Standard on Chicken Blood Clots

N. Satheeshkumar — 2026-04-07

Background: Thrombotic disorders, characterized by fibrin-rich clot formation within blood vessels, are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality worldwide (World Health Organization, 2023). Thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase act by converting plasminogen into plasmin, thereby degrading fibrin clots; however, their use is limited by adverse effects, high cost, and lack of fibrin specificity (GraphPad Software Inc., 2023, Rahman et al., 2022). These limitations have prompted the search for safer and cost-effective alternatives, particularly from plant-derived bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, which possess significant cardioprotective and antithrombotic activities (Collen and Lijnen, 2021).

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic activity of Borassus flabellifer L. seed coat extract and to quantify its flavonoid content.

Methods: The seed coat extract was prepared using ethanol by cold maceration and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Total flavonoid content was determined using UV spectrophotometry at 280 nm based on established methods. Thrombolytic activity was assessed using a gravimetric clot lysis method with chicken blood clots (Barreto, 2020). Streptokinase was used as the positive control, while distilled water served as the negative control

Results: The extract exhibited a high flavonoid content with an absorbance of 4.000 at 280 nm, indicating the presence of significant polyphenolic compounds. It demonstrated dose-dependent thrombolytic activity, producing 27% clot lysis at a lower concentration and 46% at a higher concentration, compared to 72% clot lysis by streptokinase and 2.5% by distilled water (Barreto, 2020).

Conclusion: The ethanolic seed coat extract of Borassus flabellifer L. exhibited significant in vitro thrombolytic activity, which may be attributed to its high flavonoid content. These findings suggest its potential as a promising candidate for the development of plant-based thrombolytic agents; however, further studies are required to isolate active constituents and evaluate in vivo efficacy.

Successful Non-operative Management of Spontaneous Splenic Rupture with Hemoperitoneum in Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Case Report from Central India

Sagar Gupta — 2026-04-09

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria, traditionally considered benign, is now increasingly recognized as a cause of severe and life-threatening complications. Among these, spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a rare but critical emergency associated with significant morbidity and potential mortality if not promptly managed.

Aims: To report a case of spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) secondary to Plasmodium vivax malaria managed successfully with Non-Operative Management (NOM), and to highlight the viability of splenic salvage in hemodynamically responsive patients.

Presentation of Case: A 28-year-old male from Central India presented with a 6-day history of high-grade fever, chills, and acute left upper quadrant abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed hypotension (80/60 mmHg), tachycardia (110 bpm), pallor, and icterus. Diagnostic evaluation confirmed P. vivax mono-infection. CECT abdomen revealed massive splenomegaly with subcapsular hematomas and hemoperitoneum. The patient showed rapid physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation, permitting a trial of NOM.

Discussion: The patient was managed conservatively in the ICU with intravenous artesunate followed by oral primaquine. Hemodynamic stability was maintained without blood transfusions despite a hemoglobin nadir of 8.0 g/dL. Following 12 days of strict monitoring, the patient was discharged with complete clinical recovery and radiological resolution confirmed at 6-week follow-up.

Conclusion: This case demonstrates that P. vivax malaria can cause spontaneous splenic rupture even in the absence of trauma. Hemodynamically unstable patients who respond well to initial fluid resuscitation can be successfully managed conservatively, preserving immunological function and avoiding the morbidity of splenectomy.

Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome with Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Mild Ascites: A Rare Case Report

Rahul Shil — 2026-04-22

Nephrotic syndrome, a prevalent pediatric renal disorder, manifests with significant proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, oedema, and hyperlipidemia. Complications associated with nephrotic syndrome include infections, ascites, and pleural effusion. Congenital cardiac anomalies, such as Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), can further complicate the management of this condition. In this case report, we present a 2-year-old female patient presenting with generalised oedema, fever, and urinary symptoms. Upon diagnosis, the patient was found to have a first-episode nephrotic syndrome complicated by urinary tract infection, mild ascites, pleural effusion, and incidental PDA. Laboratory tests revealed substantial proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, which were corroborated by imaging studies. Echocardiography revealed a small PDA with a left-to-right shunt. The patient’s condition improved significantly with the administration of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and supportive therapy. This case underscores the paramount importance of early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and multidisciplinary management in pediatric nephrotic syndrome, particularly when comorbidities are present.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Community Pharmacists in Sudan: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Competence and Pharmaceutical Care

Bashir A. Yousef — 2026-04-11

The position of the community pharmacists (CPs) in the control and management of communicable and non-communicable conditions is central. However, this largely depends on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the CPs. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to assess the KAP of Sudanese CPs in various disease conditions, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, central nervous system and renal system disorders, and tropical infections. In addition, the review sought to assess the knowledge and competencies of the CPs in safe medication practice and pharmaceutical care. A narrative literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The search strategy employed relevant keywords and Boolean operators, without date restrictions, and was limited to English-language articles. The results indicated that the knowledge and attitude of the Sudanese CPs were moderate to good. However, the practice was lacking in various areas. The gaps in the practice of the CPs were evident in the rational use of drugs, patient counseling, decision-making skills, and device skills in the management of various conditions. The simulated patient studies consistently showed the presence of the ‘know-do gap’ in the practice of the CPs. Despite these challenges, pharmacist-led interventions in chronic disease management demonstrate substantial improvements in clinical outcomes when pharmacists are actively integrated into patient-centered care models. Overall, this review underscores the urgent need for targeted continuing professional development, strengthened regulatory frameworks, and enhanced integration of pharmacists into multidisciplinary healthcare teams to optimize pharmaceutical care and improve patient outcomes.

Experimental Advances in Drug Solubility and AI-Driven Strategies for Drug Solubility Enhancement: Current Trends and Future Prospects

Ugodi Walter Gerald — 2026-04-17

The aqueous solubility of a drug is a fundamental determinant of its therapeutic efficacy, directly influencing dissolution rates, absorption, and systemic bioavailability. Currently, a significant portion of new drug candidates face challenges related to poor aqueous solubility, particularly those within Biopharmaceutical Classification System classes II and IV. This review explores the latest advancements in both traditional and AI-driven methodologies for enhancing drug solubility, critically examining their mechanisms, applications, and impact on drug development. The current published literature was exhaustively explored and gathered from reliable sources. Results from the literature search revealed that physical techniques like micronization and others increase the contact surface area to enhance solubility, which has been shown to increase the dissolution of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Beyond traditional methods, the scope of emerging technologies, such as 3D printing for customized formulations, co-amorphous systems, and the integration of artificial intelligence in formulation development, has also been reported. Furthermore, this review emphasises that selecting the optimal solubility enhancement strategy is essential for achieving objectives like reduced dose frequency, improved patient compliance, and maintaining low production costs. By systematically analyzing the advantages and limitations of diverse methodologies, this review will guide researchers and formulation scientists in developing successful pharmaceutical products for poorly water-soluble drug candidates.