Emerging Drinking Water Borne Diseases: A Review on Types, Sources and Health Precaution
Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil Allaq
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Hadi Hamdi Mahid
School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Esam Bashir Yahya
Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
Ali Mohammed Saleh
School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Norrizah Jaafar Sidik
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Muhanad Abdullah Abdulsamad
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sabratha University, 00218 Sabratha, Libya.
Nahed R. Saad
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Libya.
Asita Elengoe
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Malaysia.
Aziyah Abdul-Aziz
*
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The global demand for safe drinking water become increasingly important in the past few years due to the growing world population, civilization and increase the sources of contaminations. Millions of peoples every year suffer from different waterborne disease, which may include microbial or disinfectant related diseases. This review, presents an overview on drinking water and their health impact from different aspects, going through different types of physical, chemical, and biological contaminants and their potential effect on human body upon the consumption of their contaminated water. The review also furtherly discusses drinking water treatment techniques such as chlorination, ultraviolet radiation treatment, chlorination, ozonation, heating, and ultra-filtration and the efficiency of these techniques to eliminate different water microorganisms. Drinking waterborne diseases of bacteria, viruses, parasitic protozoa and even some fungi have been also discussed. Finally, health precaution regarding drinking water in term of monitoring of different indicators as well as following the hygienic behaviors was covered to ensure the sustainability and safety of water consumption.
Keywords: Drinking water, water borne diseases, microbial contamination, water quality