Effects of Leishmania Species on Immune Response against Malaria Parasite in Malaria Leishmania Coinfections
Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad *
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
Sufian Khalid M. Noor
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
Awadalla H. Kashif
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
Mohammed Medani Eltayeb
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
Bader Saud Alotaibi
Applied Medical Sciences College, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia Kingdom.
Elizabeth Popova
College of Health and Allied Sciences, St. Joseph University In Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Shafie Abdulkadir Hassan
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Yassin Bakri Salih
Reference Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Atbara, River Nile State, Sudan.
Yassin Saad Elhossin
Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Berber, Sudan.
Tarig Mohammed Elfaki
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Academy of Health Science, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.
Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Both malaria and leishmania are most widespread protozoon parasitic diseases, certainly in tropical countries of the world. Malaria leishmania coinfection is common in leishmaniasis endemic areas which is mostly endemic to malaria too.
Researchers notice that in cases of malaria leishmania coinfection , leishmania species find the some extent the outcome of malaria infection , but also behavior of malaria parasite species play a significant role to figure the consequences of it. While L. donovani protect from severe malaria complications by suppression of major histocompatibility class Ⅱ , so it diminish the clinical severity of malaria but not malaria parasite density due to dysfunction of major histocompatibility class I, which controlled by suppressed one, In another side L. mexicana tends to sequester in macrophages and lead to severe clinical outcomes when it coexisted with malaria parasite at same host. Experimental studies required to know more information about coinfection of different malaria and leishmania species to establish clinical research.
Leishmania infection excluded when studies aim to assess the immune response to only malaria parasite, experimental studies required involving different species of malaria and leishmania.
Keywords: L. donovani, P. falciparum, L. Mexicana, P. yoelii, malaria leishmania coinfections