Methotrexate Toxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Management
Riyadh S. Almalki *
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of pharmacy, Umm AL-qura University, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
Hala Eweis
Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
Fatemah Kamel
Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
Dina kutbi
Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the most widely used drug in cancer chemotherapy and is considered to be the first-line drug for the treatment of a number of rheumatic and non-rheumatic disorders. The pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity of MTX are two of its major side effects. Other toxicities such as endocrinological toxicity, GI toxicity, cutaneous toxicity, hematological toxicity, fatal malfunction or loss, and malignancy can also occur, but at a significantly lower rate of prevalence. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of methotrexate toxic effects and Lastly, we discussed the management of this toxicity.
Keywords: Methotrexate, Methotrexate toxicity, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Organ toxicity, Mechanism of methotrexate toxicity, Management of methotrexate-induced toxicity, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity