Overview of Scleroderma Renal Crisis - A Review
Mohammed Salah Hussein *
Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Dr Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al- Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Fozah sultan F. Alshammari
PNU University, Saudi Arabia.
Rayan Jahz N. Almutihi
King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
H. Alrougi Abdullah Fahad
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.
Hussain Ali Busaleh
Al-Omran General Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
S. Altammami Sultan Saleh
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.
Amal Mohsin Almaghribi Shiha
Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
Suwaydi Essa Alsalami
King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia.
Hussam Obaid Abdullah Al Harbi
Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia.
Khadijah Nasr Aldeen M. Dhafer
Al Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Fatimah Essa Alhammaqi
Maternity and Children’s Hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Scleroderma renal crisis is a life-threatening condition. It usually starts with a sudden onset of severe hypertension, followed by renal failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, congestive heart failure, and/or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Renal ischemia, hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and an increase in blood pressure are caused by decreased blood flow caused by structural changes in the blood vessels as well as renal vasospasm ("Raynaud's phenomenon"). This overview discusses the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of scleroderma renal crisis, emphasizing the importance of early detection of disease, strong correlation of corticosteroids intake and the disease incidence, and best approach of such cases.
Keywords: Scleroderma renal, renal, renal failure, encephalopathy, hypertension