Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Pediatric Urolithiasis - A Review

Ahmed Abdelsamie Fadl *

Department of Pediatrics, Doctor Samir Abbas Hospital, Alazhar University Hospitals- Cairo, Egypt.

Zakiah Esmail Pasha

King Abdulaziz Hospital Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abdulaziz Adel Abanumay

King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.

Albatool Mohammad Baz

Ibn sina college,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Lena Mohammed Noor Hariri

Batarjee Medical College, Saudi Arabia.

A. Alghamdi, Abdullah Hussain

Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia.

M. Alruwaili, Saleh Alshami

Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.

H. Alanazi, Yousef Mukhlef

Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.

Z. Albaqami, Khalaf Nahedh

King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.

Mohammed Adel Ezzat

King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia.

Dana Khalid Alabdulqader

King Faisal University KFU, Saudi Arabia.

Waad Mohammed Mohsen

Jazan University, Saudi Arabia.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.


Abstract

Urolithiasis is a condition in which hard deposits made of salts and minerals are accumulated inside the kidneys. A lot of studies demonstrated adult urolithiasis but studies on pediatric urolithiasis is still scarce. Studies had shown that pediatric urolithiasis prevalence is progressively increasing worldwide. The main cause for this increase is not totally clear but has been associated to changes in climate, nutritional habits and other environmental factors.  Pediatric urolithiasis is distinctive and different from adult urolithiasis concerning prevalence, etiology and clinical presentation. Over the time while the condition was evolving, the main cause has changed from predominantly infectious to metabolic in nature. Pediatric urolithiasis should not be underestimated as it is associated with morbidity mainly since it possesses a striking feature which is ability to recur. Metabolic risk factors are more communal in pediatric urolithiasis than in adults. The common type of calculi in children is comprised of either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate mainly and is often associated with a metabolic abnormality. Informed as metabolic abnormalities, Idiopathic hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia are the most frequently reported. A good understanding of the causes and risk factors of pediatric urolithiasis will provide better strategies and techniques for calculi treatment and prevention in children.

Keywords: Pediatric, urolithiasis, epidemiology, prevalence, pathophysiology


How to Cite

Fadl, A. A., Pasha, Z. E., Abanumay, A. A., Baz, A. M., Hariri, L. M. N., Hussain, A. A. A., Alshami, M. A. S., Mukhlef, H. A. Y., Nahedh, Z. A. K., Ezzat, M. A., Alabdulqader, D. K. and Mohsen, W. M. (2021) “Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Pediatric Urolithiasis - A Review”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(45A), pp. 236–242. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i45A32738.