Overview on Causes and Management of Upper Extremity Ischemia- A Review
Hashem Bark Awadh Abood *
Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital / Jeddah King Fahad Hospital - Albaha, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad Saleh Almarri
Department of Surgery Al-Adan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait.
Faisal Mohammed Khoshaim
Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Barak Abdullah Alsubaie
Aljahra Hospital, Kuwait.
Al Abbad, Mohammed Ahmed A.
King Khalid Hospital Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Sultan Abdulaziz Alzhrani
Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Raghad Mohammed Alsafri
Taibah University, Saudi Arabia.
Hayat Mohammed Alharbi
Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia.
Hamzah Hussain Owaydhah
Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Rayan Hussain S. Alobaidi
Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Alanoud Awaji Hakami
Jazan University, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Acute upper limb ischemia (AULI) occurs less often than acute lower limb ischemia, contributing for even less than 5% of all limb ischemia instances. It is known to be rare vascular emergency with serious long-term effects if not treated promptly. Timely detection and localization of the arterial occlusion are critical for effective revascularization and limb salvage. Surgical procedure, most commonly embolectomy, has become the standard of care for embolic or thrombotic AULI. Vascular repair is synonymous with morbidity and death, which can be avoided in some circumstances. Nonsurgical options such as endovascular procedures, thrombolytic agents, and anticoagulation therapy continue to advance, but their function in upper extremity ischemia remains unclear. In this Review, we discuss causes and management of acute upper extremity ischemia. The paper concluded that longer symptoms mean greater likelihood of functional sequelae. Surgical management is the most commonly used and best treatment. It is also possible that conservative management is being underreported. The prognosis of upper extremity ischemia is related to prompt and appropriate treatment and is predictable based on initial serum LDH levels.
Keywords: Acute upper limb ischemia, revascularization, management