Alteration in Metabolic Cost of Blood Urea, Serum Albumin and Oxidative Stress Induced by Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP) among Elite Females
Aftab Ahmad Jan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
Alamgir Khan *
Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt
Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan.
Samiullah Khan
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
Ejaz Asghar
Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education,ISRA University Islamabad Pakistan.
Muhammad Jamil
Punjab High Police Lahore, Pakistan.
Adnan Ahmad
Ideal High School, Kot Radha Kishan Distt Kasur, Pakistan.
Usman Muavia
The city School, People Colony Branch Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: For controlling unwilling pregnancy, sustaining gorgeousness and good health, among the elite level female athletes the use of contraceptive pills is quite common.
Objective: Oxidative stress in female athletes is understudied. This research study was carried out in order to assess the alteration in metabolic rate of blood urea, bilirubin and oxidative stress induced by Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol (oral contraceptive pills). The outcome of the study will reveal the impact of oral contraceptive pills on the overall health of the females.
Methods: User and non-user of oral contraceptive pills were included as participants of the study. Sixty elite level female athletes using Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol were recruited as experimental group and twenty four female (non-users) as a control group were taken as sample of the study. Blood sample (5ml) was taken from all the subjects. Blood urea and bilirubin metabolism were estimated through kidney functional test and for the measurement of oxidative stress FRAP assay was used. The data obtained through kidney functional tests and FRAP assay were processed through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Version 23.0)
Results: A significant difference was found between control and experimental subjects in FRAP values because (t (82) = 3.236, P <0.05). The mean value of subject was 110.54 and control was 137.95 in FRAP the mean value of subject is less than the mean value of control (509.3 <700.7). In case of bilirubin and serum albumin no difference was noted between control and experimental group as the value of significance is greater than 0.05.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis, the researcher concluded that oral contraceptive pills produced significant rise in oxidative stress, thus affecting the overall health of elite female athletes.
Keywords: Levonorgestrel, ethinylestradiol, contraceptive pills, oxidative stress, frap assay