Cytokine Storm, Corticosteroids and İnterleukin-6 Receptor Antibodies in Context of Antiinflammatory Treatment in COVID-19
Ozgur Karcioglu *
University of Health Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
Goksu Afacan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Bilgen Ozkaya
Department of Emergency Medicine, Ergani Community Hospital, Ergani, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
Ebru Yilmaz
Emergency Department, Nizip State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey.
Eylem Ersan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir, Turkey.
Selman Yeniocak
Department of Emergency Medicine, Haseki Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mandana Hosseinzadeh
Department of Emergency Medicine, Bezm-i Alem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
It is well established that cytokine storm is associated with more severe clinical course of COVID-19. Many clinical findings of COVID-19 and other severe viral infections (e.g. fever, muscle pain, respiratory distress, cough), are directly attributed to cytokine storm. For example, IL-6 and IL-10 can be used as predictors for expedient diagnosis of patients with higher risk of deterioration. Hyper-inflammatory status in patients with severe COVID-19 is to be mitigated to alleviate signs and symptoms in cytokine storm. In case of deterioration of oxygenation and rapid progression of imaging (CT) findings, glucocorticoids can be used for a short time (3-5 days) for patients in whom overactivation of the body's inflammatory response is suspected. On the other hand, interleukin-6 receptor antibodies tocilizumab, sarilumab, siltuximab can be used as immunomodulators, to suppress inflammation and to alleviate fever and other manifestations of immune response. Their beneficial efficacy is especially remarkable during the cytokine storm period. It should be kept in mind that the agents to be used in the management of any given patient should be tailored for each situation.
Keywords: Cytokine storm, corticosteroids, interleukin-6 receptor antibodies, tocilizumab, antiinflammatory treatment, COVID-19