Study of Vital Capacity Relation to BMI in 1st-Year Medical Students

Being overweight and other problems due to increasing weight increased BMI are looked forward as an “epidemic shoot up,” having a massive effect on every country in the world nevertheless it being developed or developing. Obesity is related to a vast range of devitalizing, enervating, and destructive issues, which include circulatory, vascular, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and different non-transferable diseases. Apart from the contribution of these elements, the increment in BMI, the irregularity in eating regimen, lack of exercise, and addiction as a result of traumatic situations in which stress mental health appears to play a crucial role, therefore it’s being taken into consideration as an unbiased component for increment in BMI by everyone. During the training period, medical school students are prone to various stress. Therefore, to discover the prevalence of obesity and increased BMI problems amongst the undergraduate students of the medical school, this observation is being carried out. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of obese and increased BMI problems amongst medical students and its relation with vital capacity. Additionally, to discover the connection of the subsequent threat factors with increased BMI: (a) lacking exercise, (b) sleep pattern, (c) dietary regime, (d) mental health (trauma, stress), and (e) unison of varied variety of diseases (thyroid issues, menstrual problems). Original Research Article Sriwastwa and Bagade; JPRI, 33(63A): 420-426, 2021; Article no.JPRI.80802 421 Procedure: A detailed cross-sectional study was carried out in the Physiology Department among hundreds of students. After taking the consent of the hundred students, these facts have been gathered by using pretested questionnaires. These students’ height and weight were precisely taken, and their BMI was calculated carefully. Results: Of these100 medical school students, the mean ± standard deviation, height was 1.67 ± 0.09 meters (m), and the mean weight was 66.61 ± 12.71 kilograms (kg), and the mean BMI was 23.54 ± 3.09 kg/m2. A normal BMI was observed in 73.1%of the MBBS students, whereas 22.3% were overweight, 3.1% were obese, and only 1.5% were underweight. Corpulent and increased BMI was observed drastically greater in boys than girls. Inference: The recent studies offer a concept about the excessive occurrence of adiposity and obesity among medical school students. Consciousness and intrigue are to be necessarily created concerning a healthy diet regime and a weight controlling framework amongst the doctor population in the future. Dietary nutrition training on food and ingestion practices and existence alternations to the way of living ought to be constructed in and as for academic interest throughout entire schooling years.


INTRODUCTION
The growth of the non-communicable disease is burdening the globe and posing a prime concern to the general well-being of people, a massive component of which is avoidable [1]. In general, the burden of non-communicable diseases and cardiovascular disease, in particular, is greatly attributed to creased BMI problems throughout the globe [2]. Obesity has somewhat plagued the world. In 2016, beyond 1.9 billion people, 18 years old and above, were corpulent. Out of which, over 650 million were obese, 39% and 13% of them aged 18 years suffered from obesity and severe obesity, respectively, in 2016 [3]. Particularly the youth in low and middle-income nations like India are more prone to immense chronic disease burden due to the swift increment in increasing BMI, as a result of irrelevant diet and inactive lifestyle, in the subsequent 10-20 years if no strict measure sare taken [4]. Obesity is increased body weight due to the accumulation of fat in the body in abnormal proportions or massive amounts. Obesity or overweight is generally defined by Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is described as an individual's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The WHO defines average weight as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) of ≥18.5 to <25, overweight as a BMI of ≥25 to <30, and obesity as a BMI of ≥30 [5]. For adolescents, an essential stage for an individual is college life, as at the moment, their behavior sare conducive to change [6]. However, they may also be posed to stress and shortage of time, posing a barrier to adopting healthy practices [7] regardless of being geared up with knowledge. Hence, this study was undertaken to discover the prevalence of obesity and increased BMI amongst undergraduate medical students.
In the current scenario, corpulence and increased weight have emerged as a global threat and are attributed to changing living standards irrespective of being a developed or developing nation. The research results have shown that 35% of people aged ≥20 yrs were reported to have increased body weight, and 11% were reported to be corpulent in the year 2008. Thus, the overweight or people with concern able increased body weight are yearly growing with the swift financial development and eating habit change in the year 2012, more than 40 million ≥ five years of age were reported to have critically increased weight or corpulent throughout the globe.
As everybody knows, Increased BMI is a prime health concern all over the globe. Corpulence and critical whitening tend to be a risk factor for non-transferable diseases and severe circulatory, vascular, respiratory disorders, such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and elevated LDL levels and is quite a relatable toper perturbation and death. The significance of controlled body weight and being fit should be highlighted for all sorts of prevention of lifestylerelated disorders and diseases, i.e., primary and secondary type on a global scale.
Critically increasing weight and decrease in pulmonary functions and life-style related problems should get significant attention.
Remarkably, it is being suggested that obesity and restrictive pulmonary dysfunction are very closely related. Obesity impacts most of the clinical medicine fronts, inclusive of medicines for lung problems. However, the relation of obesity with asthma, i.e., problem in breathing, reducing lungs volume, and increased airway resistance could be debated as they tend to imitate asthma. Thus, it should be necessarily understood that the body mass index (BMI) and vital capacity (VC) are relatable. Till now, various previous surveys have described that increment in decreased bodyweight or BMI has a relation with the vital reducing capacity, and this statistic suggests that being fit, i.e., having to maintain the appropriate weight of the body, is reasonably necessary for the improvement in vital capacity. the maintenance of adequate body weight may be necessary for improving the vital capacity [8].

Procedure
In June 2016, the Physiology Department carried out a detailed cross-sectional survey. A hundred 1st year medical aspirants were together to contemplate the same. Efforts had been made more than once to contact the candidates, including the students who were present on the study day. One hundred college students were engaged with inside to look at the same. An already framed questionnaire was turned to gather and repo facts on age, sex, height standardized in meters, and weight in kilograms. With the use of generally calibrated scales and a non-stretch tape constant to a leveled vertical wall, closest to 0.1 kg and 0.5 cm, respectively, the body weight and height measurements were taken. For there duction of mistakes, the measurement scales had been inspected for precision by weighing an item of acknowledged weight. BMI was calculated with the formula: weight (in kilograms)/height (in sq. meters). Using cutoff factor tailored from the WHO criteria, BMI < 18.49 kg/m2 turned into described underweight, 19 to approx. 25 kg/m2 normal, 25 to approx. 30 kg/m2 overweight, and ≥ 30 kg/m2 obese. The facts acquired had been compiled and analyzed via means of the use of SPSS software, model 21.

RESULTS
Out of 100, 62 boys and 38 girls participated in the survey. The students' mean age came out to be 21.8 ± 3.9 years out of 87 fathers and 65 mothers of the scholars had been found to be corpulent. Record of high blood pressure and diabetes was found in 50 and 60 mothers, respectively, while amongst the scholars' fathers, high blood pressure and diabetes had been reported in 72 and 82 of them, respectively. A minor count of the participants confirmed each of the following diseases. The imply ± standard deviation top of the scholars turned into 1.67 ± 0.09 m, the imply ± standard deviation in weight 66.61 ± 12.71 kgs and the implied ± standard deviation in BMI 23.54 ± 3.09 kg/m2. As depicted, general BMI percentage was displayed by the majority of them (73.1%). 22.3% of them were considered to be overweight, obesity had a percentage of 3.1%, and underweight were considered to be 0.1%. Female students were perceived to be less obese and overweight than male students associated with the conducted survey. This aggregate was considered to be statistically relevant (p = 0.03).

DISCUSSION
In the studies so far conducted, of the one hundred college students, 62had been boys and 38 girls in college students. The suggested ± standard deviation top of the scholars become 1.67 ± 0.09 m, the suggested weight 66.61 ± 12.71 kg, and the suggested ± standard deviation BMI 23.54 ± 3.09 kg/m2. Most (73.1%) of them confirmed regular BMI, even though 22.3% had been obese, 3.1% overweight, and only 1.5% underweight. The survey carried out amongst scientific college students in Greece found out a barely decreased and lowered the incidence of weight problems, which became 22%. This became attributed to loss of everyday bodily activity and own circle of relatives that had records of weight problems [9]. A significant relation between weight problems/obesity and intake of junk meals became a set up towards a study carried out among st scientific college students of Malaysia. In their survey, most weight problems came out to be 15.2%, and that of over weightiness was noted to beweightinessis accelerated incidence of obesity became attributed to their accelerated junk meal intake [10]. Deshpande et al. [11] stated that most of the weight problems reported being 29% amongst scientific undergraduate college students of Ujjain. Thakkar et al. [12] stated that, in line with Revised Indian Guidelines, the majority of weight problems become 23% amongst university women in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh which may be in competence to our surveys held so far. Kotian et al. [13] found out that the hazard of weight problems became in stances better than the various youngsters of excessive socioeconomic class. In the study conducted, one hundred college students participated, of which 62had been male and 38 had been female college students, although from the survey of the medical school students achieved with the aid of Min has et al. [14] 222 stated that (28%) had been males and 570 (72%) had been females. The average age group of the individuals participating in this session became 21.8 ± 3.9yrs [15]. However, the overview achieved with the aid of using A Garwal et al. [16] in MMAC, Delhi, comprised young individuals. A suggested ± standard deviation (SD) BMI of 23.54 ± 3.09 kg/m2 became stated, better than the sooner stated studies [14,17]. Today's survey described relatively extra college going population (73.1%) displaying regular BMI than the prior stated works [1,17]. The noteworthy observation of Boo et al. [18] on scholars from the scientific university of Malaysia, stated that 69% of college students confirmed to have a regular BMI. The incidence of underweight became quite low (1.5%), opposite to the reviews received with the aid of Kumar et al. [1] (20.1%) and Mani [16] (10%) via their observations. The normal incidence of obese and overweight were reported to be as 22.3% and 3.1%, respectively, which were much like the effects of the scrutiny with the aid of Mani [17]. Although Gupta et al. [19] stated a comparable incidence of weight problems via their examination, the variety of obese college students had been lesser. Chaya and Jadav [20] had carried out the survey in diverse and comparable population, have stated a better percentage of underweight (13.6%) and weight problems (25.6%), when collated with the scrutinises. In our examinations, obese & weight problems were found to be extra in boys than the within side girls i.e the female college students; the commentary become analytically relevant (p = 0.03) &similar with the preceding observations.
On the other way around the survey which had been achieved with the aid of Lakshmi and Devi [21] most of the college students of Tirupati aspiring for medical stream stated no difference based on the gender, where as Hamid et al. [22] in their scrutiny, described the female college students being obese to a greater extent than many of the college students of Skims Medical College. As compared with the latter studies [14] closest circle of relatives had records of weight problems in all of the figures were found in many college students (moms 87 and fathers 65); similarly, a lot of them had confirmed that the closest circle of relative's records of diabetes or high blood pressure or both. Strength and limitations: As we take a look at examination per formed in university college students, who are destined to be physicians as it's far and quite a lot critical that they may privy to growing weight problems as this may affect the outlook of patients. This scrutiny was performed in a hundred medical college students. It has become endorsed to conduct a study in a bigger and wide raspect. Recall and non-reaction bias might have been surpassed by the scholars while answering the questionnaire, which warrants in additional research [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].

CONCLUSION
This survey highlights the reality that advanced knowledge which is approximated to a whole some nutritional behaviour now no longer exists and always end into higher practices. Programmes that specialize in enhancing time controlling competencies of college students are essential. They should be encouraged and thrived to take part in bodily exercises, especially sports, athletics, and different activities which can be conducted outdoors. Further studies which are to be undertaken to raise awareness of neo-obstacles amongst the medical students in training whole some nutritional demands and essential outcomes associated with them and further come up with potential solutions. Improvement in nutritional intake and conductance, if made in early years of clinical schooling, could produce physicians training and selling a complete procured nutritional conductance and positive outcomes. Nutrition training is needed such as counselling on skipping food and intake of junk.
A strict action on abolishment of corpulence or increased BMI should be taken because of the above-mentioned issues and additionally, detrimental effects on lung volume and capacity in observed in adolescents i.e college going medical aspirants, mostly by decreasing functional residual capacity, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. The maximum amount of air that could be inspired or expired in the course of a respiratory cycle is the calculation or estimation of vital capacity (VC). It is the sum total of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) i.e. ERV + TV + IRV = VC. The inspiratory capacity (IC) is the sum total of the air that could be inspired after the end of a normal expiration. It is, therefore, the sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. The total lung capacity (TLC) is the measurement of the total air that could be held by the lungs. It is the sum of the residual volume (RV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Millilitres (ml) is the unit of vital capacity. Body composition is inclusive of fat in the body, fat of the muscles, bone presumption, moisture of the body, proteins, intracellular and extracellular fluids, percentage of body fat, ratio of muscle volume, fat areas of the viscera, fat of the viscera, fat content, ratio of waist & hip, basal metabolism, metabolism of energy, swelling index, muscle of the trunk, the total sum of the muscles of the upper extremity of the left side, weight; mass of the lower limb muscle of the left side, muscles of the upper extremity of the right side, mass of the muscles of the lower limb, fat of the trunk, ratio of fat of the trunk, fat of the muscle of the upper extremity of the left side, upper limb and lower limb fat of the left side, fat; fat of leg of the left side, Volume of fat of the upper extremity of the right side, percentage of fat of the upper extremity of right side and mass of fat of the lower extremity of the right side, which got measured by analysis of tetra polar bioelectrical impedance (In Body 3.0, Bio space, Seoul, Korea).

CONSENT
As per international standard or university standard, respondents' written consent has been collected and preserved by the author (s).

ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.