Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Mucuna Pruriens Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Transmission Electron Microscope

Introduction: Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the investigation and utilization of minuscule things and can be used over the different science fields, for instance, biology, chemistry, physical science, material science, and designing. In spite of the fact that advanced innovation requests the improvement of nanotechnologies in multidisciplinary science, including the creation of nanoparticles (NPs), it goes back from the Before-Christ time. Nanoparticles can be combined utilizing numerous techniques like physical, substance or organic, otherwise called green synthesis. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanoparticles are one sort of significant and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis as a result of their extraordinary optical and electronic properties. Mucuna pruriens, broadly known as velvet bean or cowhage is a leguminous plant that has been utilized for quite a long time in Ayurvedic medication. Aim: The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the green synthesis and characterisation of Mucuna pruriens mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles using transmission electron microscope. Original Research Article Ram et al.; JPRI, 33(62B): 362-370, 2021; Article no.JPRI.77793 363 Materials and Methods: The titanium dioxide was synthesised using the seed extract of Mucuna pruriens. Analytical tools like UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Transmission Electron microscope were used to understand the surface chemistry of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Results: UV-vis spectroscopic analysis of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using Mucuna pruriens showed the peak at 280 nm and confirms the TiO2 nanoparticles formation. Under transmission electron microscopes, the nanoparticles were spherical and some were in undefined shapes. The average size of the nanoparticles was 25-76 nm. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised showed


INTRODUCTION
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the investigation and utilization of minuscule things and can be used over the different science fields, for instance, biology, chemistry, physical science, material science, and designing. In spite of the fact that advanced innovation requests the improvement of nanotechnologies in multidisciplinary science, including the creation of nanoparticles (NPs), it goes back from the Before-Christ time. Nanoparticles can be combined utilizing numerous techniques like physical, substance or organic, otherwise called green synthesis. Green synthesis incorporates utilization of microorganisms like organisms, yeast (eukaryotes) or microbes, actinomycetes (prokaryotes); utilization of plant concentrates or proteins or utilization of formats like DNA, films, infections and diatoms [1,2]. A few of the current cycles of nanoparticle age utilize harmful synthetics either as lessening specialists for metals or as settling specialists to stop agglomeration of the nanoparticles [3]. Disregarding the way that synthetic and actual techniques may successfully make unadulterated, all around portrayed nanoparticles, these are expensive and perhaps perilous to the climate [4,5]. As an option in contrast to noxious and expensive actual methodologies for amalgamation of, utilizing microorganisms, plants and green growth will help a ton [6]. Additionally, the noxious nature of the side-effect would be less when contrasted with other manufactured strategies [7]. The utility of plant-based phytochemicals by and large [8,9] blend and designing of Nano-phytomedicine is the relationship between plant science and nanotechnology that gives a naturally green way to deal with nanotechnology alluded to as green nanotechnology [10,11,12]. Phytochemicals show synergistic impact in the decrease of gold salt into its nano phytomedicine [13,14].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Titanium isopropoxide 97% (Aldrich) diluted in isopropyl alcohol 99.5% (Merck) was used as a starting solution, where TiO₂ nanoparticles were precipitated on the addition of alkaline distilled water (pH 8).
The molar ratio of alkoxide:alcohol:water was fixed at 5:3:1. The asprepared precipitate was washed using distilled water, centrifuged and heated at temperatures ranging from 200 to 1100°C.

UV-vis Spectrophotometer
The bioreduction of pure TiO₂ is monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy at regular intervals. During the reduction, 0.1 ml of samples was taken and diluted several times with millipore water. After dilution, it was centrifuged at 800 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was scanned using a UV-300 spectrophotometer (UNICAM, York Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) for a UV-vis 1601 Shimadzu spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan), operated at a resolution of 420 nm.

Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the sample was done using a Philips CM 200 instrument (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV with a resolution of 0.23 nm. A drop of the solution was placed on a carbon-coated copper grid and later exposed to infrared light (45 min) for solvent evaporation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the nanoparticles formation the solution was analysed for its surface plasmon resonance using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The nanoparticles were analysed for its morphology using transmission electron microscopes.

UV-vis Spectrophotometer
The reduction of aqueous titanium ions by M. Pruriens seed extract mediated synthesis of TiO₂ NPs was identified in this study. UV-vis spectral analysis was used to confirm the formation of TiO₂ NPs in aqueous solution. The reduction of titanium ions and generation of TiO₂ NPs were completed after an overnight incubation at room temperature, according to the results. The reduction of titanium ions was indicated by the formation of a light green colour. For the seed extract solution exposed to TiO₂ NPs, the

Transmission Electron Microscopy
Green synthesised TiO NPs revealed a homogeneously dispersed nanocrystalline structure with a diameter of 25-76 nm in morphology and arrangement. Fig. 2

CONSENT
It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.

COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.