Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Sida Acuta Leaf Ethanolic Extract

Introduction: Sida acuta is known as common wireweed, and has a pantropical distribution. Antioxidants fight against free radicals and prevent a variety of diseases. Anti Inflammatory reaction is the ability of a substance to reduce swelling or inflammation. Antidiabetic substances are defined as agents which help in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood. Aim: Present study was aimed at assessing the in vitro antidiabetic and antiinflammatory potentials of Sida acuta leaf ethanolic extract. Methods: Sida acuta was purchased and its ethanolic extract was prepared. Protein denaturation inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging, alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays were carried out in order to check in vitro antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity spectrophotometrically.. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA) to see the statistical significant among the different concentrations of extract. P<0.05 levels were considered as statistical significance. Results: The extract of Sida acuta was compared with aspirin and an antiinflammatory reaction was analysed. Statistically significant at the levels of p < 0.05.The extract proved to contain antiinflammatory and antioxidant reactions. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity was Original Research Article Shankar et al.; JPRI, 33(64A): 96-103, 2021; Article no.JPRI.81573 97 analysed by comparing the extract with metformin. Conclusion: Sida acuta can be used for the management and treatment of various diseases and disorders. It can be used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer.


INTRODUCTION
Sida acuta, is known as the common wireweed, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It originated in Central America, but has a pantropical distribution. It is considered a weed in some areas. Sida acuta is viewed as an astringent, tonic which is used in treating urinary diseases and blood disorders, bile, liver and as treatment for nervous diseases [1]. The economic importance of the plant is it is the source of natural fibres, it also used in food, beverages, timber, traditional medicine and in horticulture. The plant is also used in stomachic, diaphoretic and antipyretic. The plant causes illness like fever, headache and infections. Phytochemical analysis of the plant revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides [2]. Sida acuta shortens the duration of hexobarbitone-induced narcosis. Since sida Acura has a narrow spectrum of activity it is useful in treating infections of Gram positive bacteria.
Antioxidants are substances that protect the cell from the damage caused by free radicals which play a major role in cancer, heart diseases, stroke and diseases of aging. Vitamins C and E, selenium, and carotenoids, such as betacarotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are some of the examples of free radicals. Fruits and vegetables are very rich in free radicals [3]. Antioxidants are divided into two classes, primary or chain-breaking antioxidants and secondary or preventative antioxidants. Natural antioxidants like tocopherols and polyphenols are found in spices, herbs, fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, seeds, teas and oils. Synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), have been used as potent compounds in food preservation for decades due to their low cost and bland flavour [4]. The effectiveness of antioxidants is characterised by its structural features, concentration, temperature, type of oxidation substrate and physical state of the system and presence of pro-oxidants and synergists. The chemical structure of an antioxidant is used for determining its intrinsic reactivity towards free radicals and ROS [5].
Anti-inflammatory is the ability of a substance to reduce swelling or inflammation. Antiinflammatory agents block substances in the body that are responsible for inflammation. Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, nuts like almonds and walnuts and certain fruits like strawberries, blueberries, cherries are rich in anti-inflammation [6]. Plants like Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae are rich in anti-inflammatory properties. Antiinflammatory agents are primarily used for prevention and management of cancer [7,8]. Diabetes mellitus is a concerned health issue with a progressing rate of incidence and mortality.It is marked by increased plasma glucose concentration from insufficient insulin and insulin resistance. Anti-diabetic agent is defined as the substance that helps in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood. Antidiabetic agents include insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Plants like Babul, garlic, onion, ash gourd and beetroot show hypoglycemic effects thereby they are rich in anti-diabetic properties. Our team has extensive knowledge and research experience that has translate into high quality publications [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The aim of the study is to estimate the antidiabetic and antiinflammatory potentials of sida acuta leaf ethanolic extract.

Preparation of Plant Extract
Sida acuta was purchased from an organic supermarket, Chennai. It was weighed for and was crushed to a fine powder with the help of mortar and pestle and 50% of the ethanolic extract was prepared by solvent extraction method.

In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and
Antidiabetic Activity

Protease inhibition assay
Inhibition of trypsin was evaluated by the method of Oyedepo and Femure was (1965) and Sakat et al. (2010). 100 µL of bovine serum albumin was added to 100 µl of plant extracts (0.1 to 0.5mg/ml) with increase in concentrations (100-500µg/ml). This was incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Reaction was inhibited by the addition of 250 µl of trypsin followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was collected, and absorbance was observed at 210 nm. Acetyl salicylic acid was used as a positive control. The experiment was carried out in triplicates and percent inhibition of protease inhibition was calculated. In this study, Aspirin was used as a standard anti-inflammatory drug.

In vitro antioxidant activity by potential of Sida Acuta
DPPH radical assay The DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed by LiyanaPathirana and Shahidi method [Kikuzaki and Nakatan, 1993]. 200 µL of 0.1 mM DPPH prepared in methanol was added to 100 µL of the plant extract with increase in concentration (100-500µg/ml). The resulting mixture was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes. Absorbance was observed at 517 nm. BHT was taken as a positive control. The experiment was carried out in triplicates and percentage inhibition of the DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated.
% Inhibition=((A0 -A1 )/A0 )*100 Where A 0 is the absorbance of the control and A1 is the absorbance of the sample.

Statistical Analysis
The data were analysed statistically using one way analysis of variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA). Duncan Multiple range test was used to analyze the statistical significance between groups. The levels of significance were considered at the levels of p<0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
On analysing the ethanolic extract of Sida acuta, the plant shows anti inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. Sida acuta antiinflammatory property was analysed compared with aspirin and antidiabetic property was assessed using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase tests compared with metformin.

" X" axis represents the different concentrations of the sida acuta extract and the "Y" axis represents the % of inhibition. Orange colour denotes standard drug(Metformin), blue colour represents sida acuta extract.Each bar represents mean ± SD of 6 observations. Significance at the levels of p < 0.05.a-compared with 100 µg; bcompared with 200 µg; c-compared with 300 µg
By comparing the article of Marimuthu, it was seen that crude extract of Sida acuta exhibits larvicidal and repellent activities, having the ability to control Culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopleles mosquitoes. In comparison, the article of MA Ekpo and PC Etim shows that the plant shows the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids [4]. Study of CD Sreedevi teal. stated that Sida acuta shows antimicrobial and hepatoprotective properties, the plant is traditionally used for the treatment of liver diseases. The alkaloids present in Sida acuta contribute to a potent antimicrobial activity against microorganisms [29,30]. Due to the phenolic content present in Sida acuta, it shows a good level of antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties [31]. Due to the presence of the active component, cryptolepine, Sida acuta has antiplasmodial activities. Sida acuta is used as an astringent, tonic and is used in treating blood disorders, nervous and urinary diseases. Sida acuta is known to have side effects like dizziness, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, pounding heartbeat and so on. Moreover, Sida acuta has the potential to produce silver nanoparticles and is stable in solution. Sida acuta is easily available, safe to handle and possess a wide range of metabolites.
In the growing world of medical advances, with the use of traditional plants and natural herbs a variety of diseases and disorders can be cured without any side effects. From the study of AS Johnson et al… concluded that the Sida acuta shows potent antioxidant properties of free radical scavenger due to the presence of flavonoids present in the extract [32]. Since the plant possesses antioxidant property, it has the ability to destroy free radicals and has the ability to prevent diabetes and cancer. The methanol extract of Sida acuta produces positive response for excision and incision wounds. The extract helps in epithelialise faster and contraction of wounds in higher rate. In future, the phytochemical screening and total phenolic content of Sida acuta can be assessed.

CONCLUSION
The plant exhibits antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant can be used in the management and prevention of cancer. The plant has anti diabetic and antioxidant properties which shows the plant can be used in the treatment of diabetics and various disorders. Further research on Sida acuta can be done to analyse the various inherited properties and use of them in treating various ailments.

CONSENT
It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.

FUNDING SOURCE
The present study was supported by following agencies: