Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: In the developing world, coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered to be a leading source of illness and ultimately death. Indians are nowadays linked to a more dangerous variant of coronary artery disease (CAD) with a lower age of onset and is more common in men. Aim: To analyse the clinical profile of patients with ACS syndrome for the purpose of drawing predominance in demography, metabolic disorders and tobacco use. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 50 patients with characteristic ECG alterations and clinical history who were admitted to the emergency department between January and August 2021 in a prospective research at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Every patient had a predetermined Performa filled out, which included a full clinical history and investigation procedures. The clinical history disclosed details regarding the patient's age, gender, and risk factors. Results: On analysis, results were conclusive of male predominance probably accentuated by tobacco use, alcohol consumption and other metabolic disorders. Conclusion: With prevalence of risk factors on rise, younger individuals are also affected. Proper risk factor management will help in preventing Acute coronary syndrome. Original Research Article Ahamed and Deepthi; JPRI, 33(52A): 259-262, 2021; Article no.JPRI.75513 260


INTRODUCTION
Acute coronary syndrome refers to apathology due toacute, decreased blood distribution to the cardiac muscles. pathological occlusion may be acute or chronic. The heart requires steady blood supply for its efficient functioning .As a result any deviation from supply due to any clot or other occlusive disorders can lead to infarction of the cardiac muscles.
Acute coronary syndrome is a broadly used term for 3 variants of heart disorders: According to recent epidemiological studies, the Indian subcontinent is expected to bear more than half of the global cardiovascular disease risk load in the next decade [1]. There is in terms of gender, age, and ethnicity, there are significant disparities in the prevalence of coronary artery disease. In emerging countries, cardiovascular risk has become a serious health concern [2].

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
• To assess the demographic characteristics like age and gender distribution of stroke. • To analyze the site of lesion. • To assess the incidence of other comorbid conditions and risk factors. • To assess the duration of hospitalisation and in-hospital mortality rate.

METHODOLOGY
The clinical study was conducted in saveetha institute of medical and technical sciences, Chennai. The study took 50 consecutive instances of acute coronary syndrome [3][4] throughout the course of seven months, from January to August 2021. It is a cross-sectional research.
During their stay in the hospital, all of the patients were evaluated and interviewed.

Inclusion Criteria
• Patients presenting to emergency department with ACS.

Exclusion Criteria
• Patients less than 18 years of age and who are unwilling to take part in the study • Patient who gets discharged against medical advice before the advised duration of hospitalisation.

DISCUSSION
Coronary artery disease is a major reason for death, predominately in the male demography with smoking being the cause in most cases.
The majority of ACS patients (62%) in this study were in the age category 51 to60, and the sex demographic were mostly males(60%) showing that it is primarily a male condition [5][6].
The current study found that when patients' ages increase, the proportion of male predominance of ACS drops and the male to female ratio shrinks. This could be due to a higher percentage of females and the elderly in the population, as well as a more equal dissemination of ACS causative agent in either sex in the older age range [7][8].
In Our study, the anterior wall was the predominant area of involvement (58%)which is in line with the study carried out by Deshpandey J.D. et al. [9] Chest pain(92%) was found to be the commonest presenting feature. Syncope was found to be extremely rare.
Reperfusion therapy was given to majority of the patients which is higher related to the study carried out by Mohannan et al. [10].
Minor symptoms like abdominal discomfort, syncope were found to be in older age groups as seen in yang XL et al study [11]. Tobacco consumption being the predominant causative agent(60%). Higher incidence in Male demographic with tobacco consumption being the major risk factor as observed in Yusuf S et al. [12].
Diabetes mellitus was a leading factor in 28% of the cases and hypertension was a leading factor in 34% of the cases which was consistent with the studies carried out by Hasdai D et al study [13].

CONCLUSION
Adult males presenting with chest pain are the most predominantly affected in the Indian population with tobacco consumption being the biggest risk factor.

CONSENT AND ETHICAL APPROVAL
As per international standard or university standard guideline participant consent and ethical approval has been collected and preserved by the authors.