Analytical Profile of an Unparalleled Drug Tinospora crispa W.R.T Guduchi

Introduction: Guduchi is a highly potential drug which is mentioned in Ayurveda classics. The clinical utility of this drug is widely known. The Tinospora species are wrapped under the broad spectrum Guduchiin the Ayurveda classics. Tinospora is one of the important genera of the family, consisting of about 15 species. Some medicinally important species includes T. cordifolia, T. malabarica, T. tomentosa, T. crispa, T. uliginosa, T. crispaetc. In the current article the drug Tinospora crispa is considered in detail.Tinospora crispa is used irrationally by the society owing to its various therapeutic benefits. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae), found in the rainforests or mixed deciduous forests in Asia and Africa, is used in traditional medicines to treat numerous health conditions. Materials & Methods: A detailed review of the drug has been carried out through the available literature. After considering the review the analytical profiling of the drug has been done.The phytochemical analyses review of T. crispa revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and flavone glycosides, triterpenes, diterpenes and diterpene glycosides, cis clerodane-type furanoditerpenoids, lactones, sterols, lignans, and nucleosides. The literary review showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds of T. crispa possessed a broad range of pharmacological Short Communication Lekshmipriya et al.; JPRI, 33(49B): 195-203, 2021; Article no.JPR.77006 196 activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, antimalarial, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic activities.So, in the current research study a sincere attempt has been made to study regarding the drug Tinospora crispa through its analytical profile. Results: Through this research article able to make out the available literature and the analytical profile of the drug Tinospora crispa. Discussion: The current analytical profile reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins etc which directly connects to the various activities like Anti-pyretic, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant etc of the drug Tinospora crispa. Conclusion: The current research study points towards the review of the drug and the analytical profile which is beneficial to carry out the next phase of research studies in connection with this drug Tinospora crispa.


INTRODUCTION
Herbs are the sources of crude drugs that are used to treat pathologic conditions, often chronic in nature, or to achieve or retain a state of improved health. Several cultures have distinct uses of plants for the treatment of various diseases (Wyk and Wink, 2004). This traditional knowledge has been vocally passed on through a number of generations; therefore, these traditional remedies are still in practice.
Guduchi has been acclaimed as a highly potential drug in Ayurveda, for preservation of health, prevention of disease and curative measures. It is attributed with a wide range of pharmacological activities. It is the most commonly used non-controversial drug. Itsantecedency dates back to Vedic period. During the dreadful war between Rama and Ravana several vanaras (monkey soldiers) were killed. After the victory, vanaras (monkey soldiers) who had died were given a new life by Lord Indra through sprinkling of nectar. During this act when the drops of nectar (Amruta) fell on the ground, Guduchi plant originated.
The Tinospora is an important genus belong to the family Menispermaceae in the major group of Angiosperms.
This genus consists of approximately 30 species and a few species are potential medicinal importance. They are generally climbing or twining shrubs distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific [1]. As a therapeutic agent, Tinospora species have been used by various cultures as traditional medicine for antipyretic, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antimalarial and antihyperglycemia properties [2,3].  , 1984), and the Philippines (Quisumbing, 1951). There was a previous review of the secondary metabolites and biological activities of T. crispa (Koay and Amir, 2013), however, critical assessment of the present knowledge is needed to provide the perspectives and directions for future research and potential applications. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and complete overview of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of T. crispa. Moreover, the present knowledge obtained through review of literature mainly from experimental studies was critically assessed to provide evidences and justifications for local and traditional uses of T. crispa and to propose future research prospects and potential therapeutic uses for this plant.

Plant Description
As an immunomodulator:  Methanol, chloroform, n-butanol extracts of T. crispa were demonstrated, which has lack of enhancing activity on immune system, still it is used as medicine for other immunological disorders such as autoimmune disease or cancers [13]. T. crispa extract could induce cytokine which were likely to be involved in antiinflammatory activity [14]. It did not suggest that T. crispa could also inhibit other arms of the immune responses because, T. cordifolia, a closely-related plant compounds were shown to enhance both the immunity. Whether, T. crispa compounds reveals a potent effect on the immune system should be further investigated [15].
As a therapeutic agent:  Antihyperglycaemic effect of T. crispa is physiological suggests that the extract contains compounds which could be purified for use in the treatment of type II diabetes [12]. Tinospora crispa is as effective as an appetite enhancer as compared against the reference drug megestrol acetate [12]. The cycloeucalenol and cycloeucalenone present in the stems produced mild cardiotonic effects [12]. It had been used as traditional medicine in rural society to treat fever, cholera, snake bites, rheumatism and fever due to malaria. T. crispa has shown to have an antihyperglycemia effectby augmenting the release of insulin. Its antimalarial activity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [12]. T. crispa has a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity against many types of cancer cells where the lowest IC50 is found to be present in the methanol extract on breast cancer cells [16]. Tinospora crispa can be used externally for its strong anti-oxidant and antiradical properties. Flavonoids (amongst them apigenin) are best known for their ability to act as powerful anti-oxidants, and also have anti-allergic and antiviral properties [12]. Indonesians use an infusion of the stems to treat fevers and malaria. They can also be used to treat stomach ache and jaundice. The infusion is also useful in fevers caused by smallpox and cholera. Another popular use of this infusion is in a mixture for treating indigestion [17].

Traditional & Therapeutic Uses
T. crispa [9] is an ingredient in Thai folk remedies. Decoction from the stem of T. crispa has been used as an antipyretic, in the treatment of internal inflammations, decreasing thirst, enhancing hunger, cooling down body temperature, and for the maintenance of good health (Kongsaktrakoon et al., 1984;Dweck and Cavin, 2006). The cold infusion of the seed has been used to treat intoxication caused by drugs or alcohol. An infusion of its stem is drunk as vermifuge, a decoction of the stem is used to wash aching eyes and syphilitic sores, the crushed leaves are applied on wounds and made into dressing for itch. In Indonesia (Borneo) it has been used for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, and backache (Dweck and Cavin, 2006). T. crispa has been used conventionally against a wide variety of health ailments by Yao communities of China. They used it to treat bruises, septicaemia, fever, fracture, scabies, and other tropical ulcer-related disorders (Li et al.2006). In Malaysia, T. crispa is used traditionally for numerous therapeutic purposes like diabetes, hypertension, stimulation of appetite, and protection from mosquito bites (Gimlette and Burkill,1930). The infusion from the stems is used as a vermifuge. Personal communications with local traditional medicine practitioners highlighted its popular use as a general tonic. Moreover, it is used as an antiparasitic agent in both humans and domestic animals (Noor et al.1989). In Bangladesh, the juice of stem is used in the treatment of intestinal disorders, jaundice, rheumatism, body pain, paralysis, skin disease, and leprosy. The aqueous leaf extract is used to treat flatulence, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and rheumatism by traditional therapists in the Philippines. It is also used to prepare a poultice with coconut oil to treat arthritis.

Identification & Authentication of the Drug
The correct identification of herbal plant is the first step in quality control as recommended by WHO. The fresh stems of Tinospora crispa for the current study has been collected from Tirumala, Trivandrum, Kerala. The stem along with the leaves was sent to FRLHT, Bangalore for identification and authentication of the drug. It has been authenticated as Tinospora crispa by Dr Noorunnisabeegum S, Associate Professor, Centre for Conservation of Natural Resources, TDU.

Analytical Profile of the Drug
The analytical profile of the raw drug Tinospora crispa is done with the reference of PLIM guidelines. The Analytical study has been carried out in Vasu Pharmaceuticals, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The following are the analytical profile data:

17.22%
Indicates the water-soluble constituents in the trial raw drug As per API, for Tinospora cordifolia it should not be less than 11% 6 Alcohol Soluble Extractive

17.64%
Indicates the Alcohol soluble constituents in the trial raw drug As per API, for Tinospora cordifolia it should not be less than 3% 7 Total Alkaloids by Gravimetry

2.33%
The possible alkaloids are Tinosporin, Magnoflorine, Berberine,Choline, Jatrorrhizine.Article data reveals the berberine can show the antipyretic activity Note:The aforesaid analytical profile has been compared with the values given for the Tinospora species ie Tinospora cordifolia in the Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of India.

HPTLC Fingerprinting Analysis
Fingerprint Analysis of crude powder of Tinospora crispa stem at 254nm,366 nm and 540nm: The Rf value of different compounds at254 nm,366nm and 540nm are shown in Table  No:06. Derivatization was done by Anisaldehyde Sulphuric acid reagent.

DISCUSSION
Herein the current research article the Ayurvedic and modern point of view regarding Guduchi and Tinospora crispa has been highlighted. The analytical studies conducted on this drug also prove the features of Tinospora crispa.We tried to document the existing phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and application researches on T. crispa. Also, the analytical profile of Tinospora crispahas also been reflected. The macroscopic studies of the collected study drug show the evident features of Tinospora crispa like outer surface striated with prominent blunt tubercles, inner fibrous portion with bitter taste. The microscopic studies of Tinospora crispa shows the presence of lignified sclerenchyma, lignified vascular bundle which is in consonance with the drug.The analytical parameters result with its anticipatory interpretations have been already mentioned in The HPTLC fingerprinting screening also shows the presence of spots at different visualization and Rf values. As the calibration curved is not carried out in the current study,it can be assessed from HPTLC report that the secondary metabolites are present in the Tinospora crispa. Also, through the literary review it was evident that T. crispa has the potential multiple pharmacological and therapeutic activities in the management of hypertension, lumbago, postpartum remedy, tuberculosis, haemorrhoids, wound healing, itching, muscle pain, etc, which can be explained by the presence of various terpenoids, alkaloids, lignans and nucleosides in the herb. The biological activities and chemical nature of the bioactive compounds must be of great attention for the researchers. Diterpenoid glycosides from T. crispa have shown promising antidiabetic activity. However, future studies are necessary to address issues regarding composition of the extract, explicability of preclinical experiments, and lack of transformation of the preclinical results to clinical efficacy.

CONCLUSION
Further systematic studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy using standardized extracts of T. crispa, and to identify the bioactive molecules responsible for the biological activities so that cost-effective, potential medicinal drug and health products can be developed at a large scale. Also, attempts should be made to conduct serious randomized human trials and determine modes or mechanisms of action, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and physiological pathways for specific bioactive of T. crispa which might be responsible behind the protective effects offered by extracts rich in flavonoids and terpenoids in many pharmacological studies. In the current research works through the phytoconstituent assay also it reveals the presence of secondary metabolites which may be responsible for the desired activities of the drug T. crispa.The Ayurvedic classical text books there is the mentioning of only two types of Guduchi. Based on this Tinospora crispa cannot be correlated.By compiling from other articles and through the analytical studies performed also the current research work provides a vivid picture regarding the drugTinospora crispa.

DISCLAIMER
The products used for this research are commonly and predominantly use products in our area of research and country. There is absolutely no conflict of interest between the authors and producers of the products because we do not intend to use these products as an avenue for any litigation but for the advancement of knowledge. Also, the research was not funded by the producing company rather it was funded by personal efforts of the authors.

FUNDING
The present study was not funded by any agency.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study highlights the efficacy of "herbal" which is an ancient tradition, used in some parts of India. This ancient concept should be carefully evaluated in the light of modern medical science and can be utilized partially if found suitable.

CONSENT AND ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.