Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Study of Helicteres isora. Linn.-A Review

Aim: In this article we compiled the whole plant of Helicteres.isora Linn showed excellent medicinal merits from ancient time belonging to the family Sterculiacea, which commonly known as murud sheng. Study Design: The Pharmacognostic study i.e. microscopic and macroscopic study with preliminary phytochemical test on different parts of plant performed in a Datta Meghe college of pharmacy,Datta meghe Institute of Medical sciences, Wardha, in collaboration with Balkh university,Mazar-e-Sharif during the period of January 2021 to Septmber 2021. Methodology: In the preliminary study focus on all pharmacognostic, by microscopic identification,by TLC, HPTLC by fingerprint application and phytochemical test of root extract, stem, leaf and fruit powder from different researchers study, which showed the presence of carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, tannins, essential oil etc which shows number of medicinal merits Review Article Mankar et al.; JPRI, 33(49A): 208-214, 2021; Article no.JPRI.76535 209 Results: During the study all investigators investigate, different region shows minute change in organoleptic charecteristics as well as phytochemical constituents and pharmacological study exhibits activities like Fruit showed Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic activity, Bark extract showed Antihelmintic activity , Root extract as Anticancer. Conclusion: According to study we conclude that Helicteres Isora Linn whole plant parts as well chemical constituents in every part is effective and used medicinally so further investigations are necessary to find out the active bio active molecules responsible to cure different disorders


INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plant are used since Ancient times and Helicteres. isora Linn. is one of those plants which consists of various herbal ingredients of Asian medicine , particularly those used in the west . Pharmacological and Pharmacognostical studies of earlier researcher prove its medicinal efficacy [1,2] Biological source: It consist of whole plant of Helicteres. Isora Botanical Name: Avartani

DESCRIPTION
Helicteres.isora Linn.is an large shrub used , specially the root juice of this plant has been used in the treatment of diabetes by several ethic groups in different parts of India . Ethanolic extract of H.isora root caused significant reduction in plasma glucose, triacyglycerol and insulin levels at 300 mg/kg dose after 9 days of administration to insulin resistant and diabetic mice [3]. Fruits are employed in intestinal disturbances such as colic, flatulence and diarrhea. With castor oil, powder of the seeds forms an excellent application in ottorrhea , ulcers in the ear [4,5].

 Cultivation and Harvesting
Helicteresisora is a gregarious species common in evergreen forests and secondary jungles along roads and forest. It is a tall shrub or a small tree common in central and Western Indian, as far west as Jammu, Sri Lanka and also common on hill slopes, Panchkula (Morni), Yamunagar (kalesar) [6] Helicteres isora linn is found in relatively dry area upto 300 m altitude, the habitats including teak forests, brushwood and roadsides or simply all over India [7,8].

Flowers
solitary which appear in the August -December, 1 to 2 in. long, with red reflexed petals turning pale blue when old.

Bark
color of the stem is gray,young parts covered with stellate hairs [9,12]

Pharmacognostic Activity of Helicteres Isora Linn
As per P. Kanthale et al. [1] in their research revealed that they take a fresh fruit dried in shed, extracted by distilled water and go through phytochemical studies they found that the bioactive components i.e. alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and saponins show application to cure dysentery, abdominal pain, diarrhoea , after doing assay they revealed that it helps to detect the adulteration. In that they did the microscopy of leaf in that they discuss about T. S. of leaf, stomata, trichome on that phytochemical effects observed of Helicteres Isora Linn Fig. 2 shows microscopic charecteristics, they conclude that secondary biological components present in leaf, fruit, roots and stem showed synergistictic pharmacological application [13].

Helicteres
Isora Linn plant, Macroscopic analysis i.e. external features of plant done as per Kokate et al. and in microscopic study on midrib, lamina, epidermal trichome, vascular tissue, venation pattern, crystal distribution and petiole microscopy studied in article, during examination they suggest that with physical evaluation phytochemical study, quality conrol and quality assurance study needful for authentication S. Pandey [7] give explorer on morphological, phytochemical and morphological study of Helicteres Isora Linn, they call Helicteres Isora Linn is Indian screw tree which shows presence of carbohydrate, saponin, tannin, protein,steroid, anthraquinone glycoside cardiac glycosides, phenolic compound, terpenoid and alkaloidal salt as per D. Tambekar et al. [14] and S. Mahire et al. [15] after extraction of plant M. Bean et al. [16] identified that it contains two cytotoxic compound Cucurbitacin B and isocucurbitacin B, they also discuss bark study, seed, fruit, leaf, root and flower study and all shows plethora amount of chemical constituents which have medicinal activity during investigation.  Administration of flavonoid rich fraction of H.isora fruit orally at the dose of (100, 200, 400 mg/kg),but the 400 mg/kg of H. isora dose showed significant decrease in lipid profile especially triacyglycerol, low density lipoprotein, cholesterol also affected serum glucose level, serum high density lipoprotein, serum albumine, serum triacyglycerol, serum creatinine, serum alkanine phosphatase, serum total protein.

S. Venkatesh et al. [9] studied the Antidiabetic Activity
Of HelicteresIsora Linn Root. Administration of Aqueous ethanol and butanol extract had shown significant protection and lowered the blood glucose level to normal in glucose tolerance test at the dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight. The percentage protection by aqueous ethanol and butanol extract was found to be 30 and 48% respectively.

A.
Raja et al. [17] estimated the Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Helicteres isora Fruit Exract on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats. Administration of the fruit extract of Helicteresisora (300 mg/kg of BW) for the period of 45 days resulted in significant reduction in lipid level, total cholesterol, triacyglycerol, phospholipids in diabetic rats .

R.Sahane et al. investigated the Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipedemic Effect of Flavonoid Rich
Fraction Of Helicteres isora .L Fruit On Steptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Administration of flavonoid rich fraction of H. isora fruit orally at the dose of (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), but the 400 mg/kg of Helicteres.isora dose showed significant decrease in lipid profile especially triacyglycerol, low density lipoprotein, cholesterol also affected serum glucose level, serum high density lipoprotein ,serum albumine, serum triacyglycerol, serum creatinine, serum alkanine phosphatase, serum total protein.

Antioxidant activity
S.Sharma et al. [18] have shown in-vitro antioxidant activity of pet. ether , methanolic and ethyl acetate extract of helicteres .isora L and there was significant free radicals inhibition . P.k. Basniwal et al. [19] studied The In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Hot Aqueous Extract Of HelicteresIsora. L Fruits. The Aqueous (hot) extract of Helicteres. isora .L exihibit strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting nitric oxide and scavenging superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide radicle.

Antihelmintic activity
D. shah et al. [20] investigated the Antihelmintic Activity Of Helicteres Isora Linn .Fruits Extract at various concentration (50 and 100 mg/ml) of aqueous extract ,resulting in and shortest time required for paralysis and death of worms .
M.Manke et al. [21] studied the Antihelmintic Potential of Helicteres isora L. Bark Extract Against Pheretima Posthuma (Indian adult earthworm). Administration of various extract at concentration of 10,20,50 mg/ml ,but 50 mg/ml concentration of extract showed better activity with paralysis and death of earthworms . Antihyperlipidemic Activity is investigated on fruite, Antidiabetic and Antihyperli pedemic activities also on flavonids present in fruits , roots also showed antidiabetic activities, cytotoxic activities showed as per research of scientist, antioxidant which present in plant shows anticancer activities was found by estimed research activities overall To conclude,whole plant parts is effectively used medicinally so further investigations are necessary to find out the active bio active molecules responsible to cure different disorders.

CONSENT
It is not applicable.