Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Lungs Functions (IRV & ERV) in Young Athletes

This research study was primarily conducted for the purpose to examine the effect of moderate intensity exercise on lungs functions (IRV & ERV) in young athletes. The participant of the study was randomly selected from the Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, Gomal University, KP Pakistan. A written informed consent was taken from all the subjects. A self-made, 08 weeks exercise protocols was applied on the selected subjects. Pretest and posttest data were collected by using spirometer and other helping devices. The collected data were tabulated and were analyzed by using various statistical tools. On the basis of data analysis and findings the researcher concluded there is significant effect of 08 weeks moderate intensity exercise on lungs functions (IRV & ERV).


Background of the Study
Lungs are principle organs which carry out gases exchange (O2 and CO2) that provide o2 and remove co2 from the body [1,2]. The blood comes from heart to lungs via pulmonary artery (which is deoxygenated blood) lungs have a sac like structure which known as alveoli which is surrounded by blood capillaries thus from alveoli the oxygen is transported to blood thus this blood comes toward the heart then heart pump the oxygenated blood through ventricle to all part of the body [3,4,5].
Thus oxygenated blood reached to heart through pulmonary vein, there is a special molecule for the transporting of oxygen in blood called hemoglobin (a protein). Thus heart pumps the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body which give us energy [6,7]. Due to production of energy a waste materials is produce such as carbon dioxide which remove from the body through circulatory system which bring the carbon dioxide to lung s thus its remove through this way and the other waste materials excrete through the kidney [8,9,10].
Moderate intensity exercise for adult should be practiced 30 minutes at least five days in a week.it is simple just fast walking in which a person could be breathless. Lungs provide oxygen which pumps by the heart to those muscle which participate in exercise [11,12].
Routinely physical exercise can improve health condition thus untimely improve the lungs functions. Due to exercise heart become healthy, losing weight, risk of infection will minimize, improve immunity, and ultimately improve lungs capacity [13,14,15].
During exercise muscle use a lot of energy, for production and consuming more O2 and in turn produce more CO2(which is harmful to body) [16,17].To fulfill the required demand, the breathing rate increase during exercise from 15 time / minute(12 liters of air) to 40 -60 time minute( 100 liters of air). Thus circulation of blood increased to fill up the required demands for moving the muscles [16,17].
Moderate intensity exercise refers to all those exercise, in which a person moving fast enough to used up 6 times more energy than in rest condition( Riding a bike, brisk waking (4 to 6km /hour), dancing, hiking, double tennis and pushing a lawn mower [18,19].
Exercise helps in reducing chances of cardiovascular disease, in those which have already heart problems, improve diastolic blood pressure, control blood sugar level, build of strong and healthy muscles and thus improve quality of life [20,21].
Physical activities has been set up as an important change in behavior for vital physiological, physical and psychological health results but without physical activities are still spreading and creating problems worldwide [22,23]. Various factors effect in the engagement in physical activities thus influence in the human wellbeing [24,25,26]. Research found that physical activity decreases various health problems, according to the American college of sports medicine (ACSM) moderate intensity exercise increase heart rate and breathing [27,28].
As a result of all the above research evidence, now it is clear to say that exercise promote the functional capacity of all body organs. Lungs which is more important organ helps body to get oxygen from the air that we breathe. Likewise the functions of other organs, exercise also promote the lungs capacity and volumes. How much exercise promote lungs volume and capacity? What kind of exercise promote lungs volume and capacity? To discover the fact, the researcher intend to carry on a research study under the title "effect of moderate intensity exercise on lungs functions among young athletes".

MATERIALS AND METHODS
To reach at certain finding and conclusion, the researcher was adopt the following procedure.

Participants of the Study
The participant of the study was randomly selected from the Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, Gomal University, KP Pakistan.
The lungs functions and anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were measured by using; weight machine, Spirometer, and measuring tape. The participants were divided as Experimental Group (EG)-5 and Control Group (CG)-5. The subject were included in the study by adopting the criteria that; subject having age not less than 22 and not more than 25 years, subject having no health problem and Subject using no medicine.

Data Analysis
The collected data was tabulated and was analyzed by different statistical tools. One sample t-test was used to compare the collected data of subjects with the international level normal ranges, the independent sample t-test was used to compare the CG and EG before and after the treatment. The researcher was also use paired sampled t-test to compare the test results of same group before and after the treatment. The descriptive statistics was also be use describe the collected data through mean, and standard deviation of the sample subjects.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of analysis and findings of the study the researcher concluded that there is no significant difference between experimental group and control group in BMI before the treatment. Similarly, the researcher reached at the fact there is no significant difference between experimental group and control group in BMI after the treatment. The researcher also concluded that there is no significant difference between experimental group and control group in inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume before the treatment. Similarly, the researcher concluded that there is no significant difference between experimental group and control group in an inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume after the treatment. The researcher concluded that inferentially there is no significant effect of moderate intensity exercise on BMI and inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume of the subjects but descriptively the experimental group shows better results in BMI and inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume (after the treatment) due to moderate intensity exercise 8 weeks protocol. The researcher concluded that pretest and posttest of experimental group in BMI and inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume was significantly different and found better in posttest after the treatment score which support the descriptive results on the other hand control group was found same in pretest and posttest BMI and inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume tests.

RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of findings of the study following recommendations hereby made by the researcher.

1.
The present study was conducted on limited number of respondents due to time, financial and academic limitation therefore in future the future researcher should conduct the study on large number of sample to full fill the spaces of present study. 2.
The present study was conducted on the male students. Therefore for better results, it would be considered important to conduct a research study on female subjects. 3.
The present study was conducted the researcher on the basis of 45 minutes' moderate intensity exercise each time 10 minutes for warm up, 30 exercise and five minutes for cooling down. It should be necessary for future researcher to change the activity time from 30 minutes to 40 or 50 minutes.

CONSENT
A written informed consent was taken from all the subjects before the application of prescribed exercise protocols.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
As per international standard or university standard written ethical approval has been collected and preserved by the author(s).