A Review Article on Triazoles and its Pharmacological Activities

Despite the fact that triazole was first synthesised over a century ago, it continues to unique the interest of chemists, biologists, technologists, and other experts. Triazoles have been shown to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-tubercular, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and anticorrosion properties in recent years. The goal of this review is to describe the structures, synthesis, reactions, and spectral properties of triazoles in order to highlight their potential applications in a variety of bioactive phenomena and analytical applications.


INTRODUCTION
Heterocyclic chemistry is a distinct branch of organic chemistry with a long history and promising future. Heterocyclic compounds, such as purine and pyrimidine bases, are essential for life (building unit of DNA and RNA). Heterocyclic chemistry now contributes reagents and Review Article synthetic methods to the synthesis of drugs [1], pesticides [2], and detergents [3], as well as to related fields like biochemistry [4], polymers [5,6], dyes [7,8], and material sciences [9].

 Aromaticity and Stability
The main reason for the triazole nucleuss stability is its aromaticity. The donation of one electron from each atom connected by double bonds, plus the remaining two electrons from a nitrogen atom, forms an aromatic sextet [21]. Furthermore, resonance stabilises the triazole nucleus, allowing it to be represented by tautomeric forms [22].

 Tautomerism in Triazoles
Tautomerism is possible in both the structural isomers of triazoles.
Barot and colleagues reported antibacterial and antifungal activities of a series of novel 1,2,4triazole-5-thione derivatives of benzimidazole (5) with MICs of 2.0 and 2.5 g/ml; some of the synthesised compounds demonstrated good antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staph aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxyspora.and Antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxyspora was measured using Ofloxacin and Metronidazole, while antifungal activity was measured using Fluconazole [32].

Fig. 2. Deravatives of Ibuprofen
Abdulla and his Coworkers synthesised deravatives of Ibuprofen(8) by cyclization under various reaction conditions they obtained promising results and they screened for microbial inhibitory effect by using new agents assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureous (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) using cup-plate method.In that three compounds showed highest antibacterial activities compared to other compounds and standard drugs [34].
Gupta and colleagues developed a series of 4-(4-substituted benzylideneamino)-2(morpholinomethyl)-5 (substitutedphenyl) -2H-1,2,4-triazole-4(4H)thione was synthesised by combining a Schiff base with formaldehyde and morpholine to produce an iminium ion. Antifungal screening revealed that five compounds are more effective against Aspergillus. niger (MIC 64 g/mL) than fluconazole (the standard antifungal drug). Some synthesised compounds have the same antifungal activity as fluconazole, with a MIC of 32 g/mL. The presence of electronegative groups, 4-chloro, and 2,4-dichloro groups at the aryl moiety attached to the 5th position of the triazole nucleus is credited with the high activity [36].
B. Andrews and his Coworkers reported a series of pyrimidine-bearing 1,2,4-triazoles were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity. When compared to the standard drug Amphotericin-B, the majority of the compounds showed promising antifungal activity. Candida albicans, Penicillium sp., and Aspergillus niger were used to test these compounds for antifungal activity. At a concentration of 10 g/ml, the majority of the synthesised compounds showed moderate to good inhibition. However, when compared to standard drugs, the activity was lower [37].
Sachdeva synthesised Spiro indole-triazoles , and they were tested for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, as well as Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are two bacteria that cause infections. Antifungal activity was tested against Aspergillus niger, Penicillum sp. fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria brassicicola, Chaetomium orium, and Lycopodium sp. at concentrations of 500 ppm and 250 ppm. Streptomycin and erythromycin were used as reference standards. At 500 ppm concentrations, one compound showed excellent activity against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus [38].

Jin-Xia Mu
Synthesised and screened for Herbicidal Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole as a Moiety of Pyrazole . The majority of the synthesised compounds had a moderate herbicidal effect on lettuce and bent grass. Compounds 11 had the strongest herbicidal activity against lettuce and bent grass (80% inhibitory) [38,39].
An improved blend of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4triazoles has been accounted for through 1,3dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile imine, created in situ from 14 within the sight of Ag 2 CO 3 and Et 3 N. In an elective two-venture approach, Buzykin et al originally pre-arranged halfway from the response of with an essential amine and Et 3 N, which was then treated with an answer of 30% H 2 O 2 /fluid KOH to yield. [40,41].

CONCLUSION
As a result, this review covers the various synthetic routes used to produce a biologically rich triazole moiety, as well as the reactions that the molecule undergoes to produce other important molecules. It also emphasises the triazole rings therapeutic properties, as well as the wide range of drugs that contain the ring on the market. It also emphasises the therapeutic properties of the triazole ring, as well as the wide range of drugs on the market that contain the ring. As a result, this paper will benefit future research on the bioactive triazole ring.

CONSENT
It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
As per international standard or university standard written ethical approval has been collected and preserved by the author(s).