Evaluation of Antifungal and Antioxidant Effects of Qutran (Wood Tar) from Olea europaea Subsp. Cuspidate

Qutran oil (Olea europaea) extracted as medicinal plants extracted has a great activity against four fungistrains. Aspergillus (flavus, fumigatus, niger) and Candida albicans throughout using agar well diffusion in our investgation. Results showed that, tar oilhas antifungal effects against studied strains. Inhibition growth rate was from 16.33 to 46.00 mm. and also has positive activities against investagated organisms more than traditional antibiotics either amphoteracin B or Nystatin. A. fumigatus was mainly susceptible fungi followed by A. niger while A. flavus has the most resistant fungi with inhibition zone (16.33 mm). Wood tar oil, Olea europaea, given a high DPPH radical scavenging activity 79.10% compared to ascorbic acid.


INTRODUCTION
Olive tree (Olea europaea) is aperennial plants which were cultivated for many purposes such as oil, wood, leaf. Additionally, it has droughtresistant, disease and fire-resistant properties. Its root has robust and capable of regenerating of tree [1].Tar oil could be used as flavoring, spice,
Cuspidata produced by the wood destructive distillation as antifungal infections cause high mortality rates among human populations and aquaculture organisms. Due to this, the side effects of these drugs, searching about new natural plant alternatives with desirable side effects become urgent for solving the traditional problems of using anti-biotic against many pathogens. Extracts of some plant species have rich component of such aromas materials and could be used as antimicrobial agents. There were many studies on plant extracts antimicrobial effects. Our invention given a new approach for tar oil could using as antifungal and antioxidant agents against many pathogenic.

Extract Preparation
Extracted Wood tar oil (Olea europaea sub sp) by Destruction Distillation.

Antifungal Assay
Well-cut diffusion according to [4]. DMSO as negative control. Nystatin and amphoteracin B as positive control. Cutting wells from plate using 0.5 cm cork borer. The wood tar oil extract introduced into each well, and plates kept at 4°C /2 h. Plates incubating 2-4 days /27°C. Diameter growth inhibition holes from extract measured in millimeters/triplic at for each treatment [5].

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by SPSS to authenticate significant differences between pathogenic microorganisms and extract. Depending on our results, The most susceptible fungi A. fumigatus, followed by A. niger of the wood tar oil extract. The mean diameter of inhibiting zones of the extract against these fungal strains were 46.00 mm and 34.00 mm, respectively (Table 1). While the most resistant fungi were A. flavus with 27.33 mm. While, wood tar oil has more effect comparing to effects of amphoteracin B and nystatin against all fungal strains tested. These studies confirm the results of [7] who's reported that tar had antifungal activities against studied fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis. However, the microorganisms studied did not show the same sensitivity against the tar. Inhibition growth from 0.006 to 0.1 mg/ml and bigest inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum sp. Albedinis was 0.006 mg/ml. additionally, pine tar had antipruritic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. [8]. The methanol extracts of olive (Olea europaea) were antifungal against A. niger, F. oxysporum and A. alternata. The inhibition zone was ranged from 9.1 mm to 10.4 mm with MIC was 312.5 mg/ml for A. niger and F. oxysporum, and 156.2 mg/ml for A. alternata [9] has reported the inhibitory effect of olive oil on A. niger. Some workers have been reported that the phenolic substances in olive products work as antimicrobial ashydroxytyrosol and oleuropein [10,11,12] found that, sensitivity of C. albicans in olive oil was about (54 %), C, tropicalis (49%), C. krusei (56%) and C. parapsilosis (57%) which isolated from Blood Stream Infections. Successful treated of some Skin disease such as psoriasis by pine tar [13,14,15] and wound healing [16]. In addition Benlarbi et al. [7] reported that Tar from Olea europea sylvestris had a good biological activity. The strong antifungal activity of O. europea sylvestris against array of filamentous fungi strains (A. flavus, A. niger, P. purpurogenum and three strains of fusarium is indicating for broad spectrum antifungal potential of tar which could be use tar as a promising natural as antimicrobial agent. Preparations have certainly good potential to using as medicament antifungal therapy for Candida strains.

Activity Assay
DPPH radical scavenging gendonating ability. Mixing DPPH with substrate acting as hydrogen atom radical form of DPPH is from violet to yellow 2 and Fig. 5 showed DPPH radical scavenging activity of ascorbic acid, and wood tar oil had highest DPPH radical activity for different concentration (10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, compared with ascorbic acid. Oxidative effect of wood tar oil extract and standard vitamin C with increase in dose. Similar to our results, found that the Extract of olive leaf and ascorbic acid give the same effects on NO• scavenging assay which give us good indicatation that, olive leaves could using as antioxidant involving O2· and NO• and less HOCl-scavenging activity, and  [7] reported that the antioxidant evaluatation capacity of tar oil by hydrogen peroxide scavenging give potent antioxidant (EC50=(EC50= 1.45±0.16 mg ml-1 ) comparing to ascorbic (EC50=2.19±0.12 mg ml-1). Tar from Olea europea sylvestris had a good biological activity.

CONCLUSION
The strong antifungal activity of O. europea subsp. Cuspidata against array of filamentous fungi strains is an indication of the broad spectrum antifungal potential of the tar. This studies could make the tar as promise natural products for antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

CONSENT
It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.